语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。本模块将聚焦虚拟语气。

一、虚拟语气的含义

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。例如

I wish I had not done this terrible thing .我真希望我没做这件可怕的事。（已经做了，表示不可能实现的愿望）

I suggest she should buy this dictionary .我建议她买这本字典。（可能买也可能不买，只表示建议）

If I had time ,I would help you  .如果我真的有时间，我就会帮助你的。（表示假想，实现的可能性很小）

二、虚拟语气的学习重点是：

1．学习非真实条件从句的用法，并能够熟练灵活地运用非真实条件从句表达与现在、过去、将来事实相反的假设和愿望。

2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。

3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。

4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。

5．理清虚拟语气所假设的情况与现实相反或实现的可能性非常小。

6．注意和重视虚拟条件句和主句中动词的形式。

三、考点聚焦

1．虚拟语气用于if引导的非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词有三种形式：

（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如：

If I were a boy, I would join the army.

If he had time, he would come to help  you.

If she had money ,she might lend you some .

（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：

If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.

（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should（were to）+ 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/

could might + 动词原形。如；

If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.

以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：

条件状语从句

主       句

与过去事实相反

had + 过去分词

should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词

与现在事实相反

一般过去时(be用were)

would/should/could/might + 动词原形

与将来事实相反

一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形

Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形

注意：

1）有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省略,而将“were、 had、 should 等动词提到主语前面。如：

Should it snow tomorrow ,we could have a snowball fight .

Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.

Were it not for the expense, I would go to <<Britain>>.

2）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：

If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在）

If I were you ,I would have taken his advice .

（从句表示现在时间，主句表示过去时间）

3）从句中的be动词 用were

2．虚拟语气用于名词性从句

（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。

①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：

I wish it were spring all the year round.

I wish I had known the answer.

I wish I could fly like a bird.

②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：

She suggested we (should)leave here at once.

The doctor ordered she should be operated.

（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。

作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should）+ 动词原形”。如：

His suggestion that we（should）go to <<Shanghai>> is wonderful.

My idea is that they（should）pay 100 dollars.

（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。

在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如：

It is necessary（important, natural, strange, etc.）that we should clean the room every day.

It was a pity（a shame, no wonder, etc.）that you should be so careless.

It will be desired（suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.）that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：

It is pity that you can’t swim.

3．虚拟语气在其他场合的运用

（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：

He did it as if he were an expert.

Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.

（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。

这种从句常用于句型“It is（high）time（that）… ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“（现在）该……”。如：

It’s time that I picked up my daughter.

It’s high time we were going.

（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：

If only I were a bird.

If only I had taken his advice.

（4）情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.

Would you be kind enough to close the door?

（5）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等结构表示假设，用在虚拟语气中。

But for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.

But that she was afraid, she would have said no.

（6）连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided（倘若……），for fear that（唯恐），in order that, on condition that, if only（要是……就好了）等。

She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.

If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

（7）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。

I thought the children would be sleeping when we returned home, but they were still awake.

（8）形容词及其比较级

A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.

A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.

（9）分词短语

Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.

Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.

（10）独立主格结构

All things considered, the price would be reasonable.

（11）用于一些习惯表达法中。如：

Would you like a cup of tea?

I would rather not tell you.

God bless you!

四、经典名题导解

选择填空

1．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. （NMET 95）

A．breaks    B．has broken     C．were broken    D．had been broken

解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。

2．I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ______, she would have met my brother. （NMET 94）

A．has come      B．did come      C．came      D．had come

解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。

3．—If he ________, he _______that food.

—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.（NMET 93）

A．was warned; would not take

B．had been warned; would not have taken

C．would be warned; had not taken

D．would have been warned; had not taken

解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选B。

4．The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.

A．will rain  B．rains  C．rained  D．is rained

答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

（错）If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

（对）If you leave now, you will never regret it.

5．____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A．If were I  B．I were　C．Were I　D．Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

6．There was plenty of time. She ___.

A．mustn't have hurried   B．couldn't have hurried

C．must not hurry         D．needn't have hurried

答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

五、巩固练习

（一）从A、B、C、D中选出最佳答案

1．What would have happened＿＿＿, as far as the river bank?

A．if Bob has walked farther 　　B．if Bob should walk farther

C．had Bob walked farther 　　  D．if Bob walked farther

2．Without electricity human life＿＿＿quite different today.

A．is    B．will be 　　C．would have been D．would be

3．He＿＿＿rather stay at home than go to the cinema with you.

A．should   B．might    C．would    D．had better

4．It’s high time we＿＿＿ to the theater.

A．will    B．shall        C．are going to    D．went

5．It’s strange that they＿＿＿nothing about this matter.

A．know   B．would know   C．knows      D．knew

6．I wish you＿＿＿go with me tomorrow.

　　A．will    B．would        C．shall      D．can

7．He suggests we＿＿＿to the cinema at once, otherwise we will be late.

　　A．must go   B．go     C．will go     D．would go

8．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if ＿＿＿.

　　A．breaks         B．has broken

　　C．were broken     D．had been broken

9．If only I＿＿＿how to operate a computer as you do!

　　A．had known    B．would know 　　C．should know  D．knew

10．If I＿＿＿you, I＿＿＿more attention to English idioms and phrases.

A．was； shall pay          B．am； will pay

C．would be； would pay     D．were； would pay

11．“Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?”

　　“I would have, but I ＿＿＿so busy then.”

　　A．had been   B．were   C．was    D．would be

12．He had an expression of resentment（不高兴）, as if Martin＿＿＿a fool of him.

　　A．had made   B．makes 　　C．made   D．would make

13．＿＿＿the fog, we should have reached our school.

　　A．Because of   B．In spite of 　　C．In case of     D．But for

14．There was a half smile on his face which suggested that he＿＿＿happy to have given his life for his country.

　　A．was    B．should be    C．would be     D．were

15．We all agreed to her suggestion that we＿＿＿to the Great Wall for sightseeing（观光）.

　　A．will go B．go 　　C．shall go    D．should have gone

16．Without your help, I ＿＿＿the exam last term.

　　A．failed in        B．would have failed

　　C．wouldn’t pass    D．would fail

17．＿＿＿he come, the problem would be settled.

　　A．Would    B．Should     C．Shall      D．If

18．I lost your address, otherwise I＿＿＿you long before.

　　A．had visited          B．have visited 

　　C．would have visited    D．should visit

19．—— Where ＿＿＿?

　　—— I got stuck in the heavy traffic, or I＿＿＿here earlier.

　　A．did you go； had arrived 　　B．are you； would come

　　C．were you; would come 　　  D．have you been； would have been

20．I＿＿＿you a beautiful present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time.

　　A．would buy　　            B．had bought 

　　C．would like to have bought　　D．must have bought 

参考答案：

1-5 CDCDA   6-10 BBCDD  11-15 CADAB   16-20 BBCDC

答案解析：

　　1．C。此题表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done,从句用had done,此处用了倒装的省略形式,即省去if, had提到句首。

　　2．D。此题表示与现在事实相反的假设，主句用should/would/might/could+do.

　　3．C。would rather do sth. than do sth.为固定搭配，“宁愿做……而不愿做……”。

　　4．D。It’s(high／about) time that从句的谓语动词多用过去式，有时也可用should do。

　　5．A。在It’s important／surprising／desirable／strange／necessary／no wonder／a pity／a shame＋that 从句中，从句谓语动词用（should ） do。

　　6．B。wish后接从句，如果从句指将来的愿望，谓语动词用would／could＋do；如果表示过去未能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用had done；如果表示现在未能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were。

　　7．B。在suggest, demand, request，require（要求），order(命令),insist（坚持），advise（劝告）等动词之后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用（should）do，同时还应注意语态。

　　8．C。as if引导的从句，如果所说内容与事实不相符时，常用虚拟语气。此题是一种自然现象，故应用一般过去时。注意比较It seems／looks as if it is going to rain.（看起来天将要下雨。）

　　9．D。在if only引导的感叹句中，谓语动词的形式与wish后宾语从句中谓语动词的形式一样。

　　10．D。该题表示与现在事实相反的假设，从句谓语动词用过去式，be用were，主句用would do。

　　11．C。该句叙述当时的真实情况，故用C。

　　12．A。该题中as if引导的从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，从句谓语动词用had done。

　　13．D。but for（要不是）引导的介词短语，相当于if it hadn’t been the fog。

　　14．A。该题中suggest意为“表明、暗示”，这时其后宾语从句中谓语动词用陈述语气。

　　15．B。在advice, demand, idea, order, plan, suggestion等名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中要用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为“（should） do”。

　　16．B。本句属于隐含式虚拟语气。句中without短语相当于一个与过去事实相反的虚似条件句，故选B。

　　17．B。本题是对将来情况的一种假设。英语中，如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有should, had或were时，可把if省去，而把should, had, were放在从句主语前，构成主谓部分倒装。

　　18．C。本题为与过去事实相反的假设，在以otherwise引导的并列分句中用虚拟语气，时间概念可由上下文看出。

　　19．D。or引出的一个分句表示对过去的情况进行假设，故用would have done。

20．C。从 but 引导的分句可看出,前一分句是与过去事实相反的假设。

（二）根据汉语提示完成句子

1．如果昨晚你在那,什么事也不会发生。

If you _______there last night, nothing_______.

2．如果你早一点到的话,你就会赶上那辆公共汽车

If you ______there earlier, you ______the bus

3．如果我是你 的话,我立刻就走

If I _____you, I ______at once

4．要是现在有空,我们就把它再看一遍

If we _____now, we ______it again.

5．明天要是周日的话,我们就不参加了

If it ______Sunday tomorrow, we ______an exam

6．如果你要见到他,请问他好

If you ______him, you ______“hello” to him

7．如果他昨天把课文预习好了, 他就不会有这么多困难了

If he _____well for his lessons yesterday, he ______so many difficulties now.

参考答案：

1．had been; would have happened

2．had got; would have caught

3．were; would go

4．had time; would read

5．were; wouldn’t have

6．should meet; would say

7．had prepared;  wouldn’t have