英语书面表达在总分150分的高考试卷中占25分，应该说是一块大分，而且是一块极其容易拉开分数差距的部分。考得好则能拿23～25分，差则只能拿15～16分，有的甚至更低。我们决不可忽视这一大块分数，一定要高度重视，要加强训练，力争拿高分。以下就如何写出高分书面表达谈几点看法和体会。

一、高考书面表达的形式

目前高考英语测试主要以指导性作文为主。给出中文提示、图画或图表，也包括部分或全部英文信息，要求据此写记叙文。这种文体有效地考查了考生通过画面景观，将画图、图表、提纲等信息转换为语篇的综合能力。但也不排除说明文、应用文、议论文或论说文。

二、高考书面表达的要求

高考书面表达有以下几个要求：

1．词语正确、连贯、流畅；

2．语句简洁，用词确切；

3．句子结构有变化；

4．语言整体性、逻辑性强；

5．用语得体：能根据不同的情景选用合适的词语和句型。

三、书写书面表达的过程

要写出一篇优秀书面表达，一般经过审题——构思——草稿——修改——抄写誊正等过程。

Step1  审题：就是判断短文的文体和类型，是记叙文、说明文或是议论文等，若是书信、日记、通知等应用文还应注意格式。然后确定表达要点，并把表达要点列举出来。

Step2  构思：分析各个表达要点之间的逻辑联系，思考这样把这些要点有逻辑地组织起来形成一篇短文。并适当考虑用什么写作方法，怎样开头如何结尾等问题。

Step3  当这些思考有数之后，在草稿上整理成文并修改。

Step4  将修改好的短文，工整地誊写到卷子上，做到字迹清楚，卷面整洁，给阅卷人一个良好的第一印象。在近几年的高考书面表达评分标准中明确指出：如果书写较差，以致影响交流，将分数降低一个档次（3-5分为一档）。

四、书面表达的注意事项

要写出一篇优秀书面表达，不仅要语言准确、恰当、条理清楚，没有语法错误，还必须做到“二扣，三避，四性”。

1．二扣和三避  即在内容上紧扣要点，紧扣主题；避写感想，避写心得，避写体会。切忌脱离主题而任意发挥，写一些“题外话”。如何做到紧扣主题呢？那就是紧跟主题句展开叙述，切忌受汉语思维的影响，去写一些自己的感想、心得、体会等。如果这样做不仅违反了英语的表达习惯，而且还会偏离主题，容易出错。所以要注意以上的“二扣，三避”。

2．四性  即准确性、简洁性、连贯性以及表达方式的多样性。准确性：就是要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态语态，用词，句法等。简洁性：就是要做到语言简洁，不重复。多样性：就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。如强调句、倒装句，各种从句和固定句型等。简单句、并列句、主从复合句等长短句要交错使用，避免千篇一律的短句和简单句。但是，千万不要为复杂的句型而造句，那样会影响语篇的连贯性，也不要刻意为追求复杂句而不顾承上启下，否则，这样的短文很可能只是一篇按要点一句一句翻译而成的漂亮句子而已，而不是一篇流畅的短文。连贯性：要根据整篇短文意思的需要而选用恰当的连接词，过渡句。但是，不要牵强附会，该用则用，不可乱添，过渡要自然。平时有些学生，把and, then乱用一通，搞得句子一点不清爽，句子有头，却不知尾在何处。

3．连接词的选用

英语中哪些词和短语可以用来表示“启、承、转、合”的语篇连接词呢？当然不仅仅是and, then, but等。根据英国语言学家韩礼德（MAK Halliday）和哈桑（R Hasan）的语篇衔接理论，语篇连接主要表示以下四类关系：

    A．表示递进  and ,and then, also, besides, in addition, moreover, one more, once more, and moreover（再者）, what's more，even, what was worse …

B．表示转折  but ,however, yet, and yet, although, in spite of, in the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise…

C．表示结果  so, therefore, thus, as a result, luckily unfortunately, because of, seeing that …

D．表示时间   now, then, afterwards, later, soon, before long, after that, shortly after that, soon after that , up till now, just now, just then, five minutes later,  so far ,to this day…

此外,以下几种也常用作连接词或过渡词：

     a．表示例举、说明：for example ,for instance, such as,  that is to say, actually, according to this, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, and so on, in addition…

b．表示时间、动作过程或时间顺序：first , firstly, first of all ,second, secondly, far , above, below, near, beside, to the right, on one side…

c．表示比较、对比：just like, just as , in the same way, on the contrary, on the other hands,  more or less, sooner or later , similarly…

d．表示强调：above all, after all, at least, at most, indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, without any delay, of course…

e．表示结论：finally, at last ,in the end , in a word, in general , generally speaking, in short, as you know, in conclusion…

五、实例训练与评析

内容：看图写故事。（祥图略）

下面六幅图描述了一位警察发现一自行车栏内有钱包，并根据包内身份证地址将钱包送还给粗心大意的主人的事迹。假设你就是这位待警察将失物送还时，才知道自己丢了钱包的人。请用120～130个词以第一人称写一篇警察将分文不少的钱包送还给你的英语短文故事。短文内容包括图画的内容，可以适当增加细节以使短文连贯。（身份证：identification）

构思过程：

Step1 审题：这是一篇记叙文。时态应该以过去时为主。使用第一人称。主题思想：歌颂警察做好事不留名。

Step2 构思要点：rode home with a wallet in the basket;  parked the bicycle;  cooking ….a knock on the door;  opened the door and saw a policeman;   showed me a wallet and said…. I was surprised,   I didn't know I had lost my wallet(had my wallet lost);   the policeman left (went off)without saying his name .

Step3 参考句型：①with+名词+介词短语 ②It wasn't long before…　③On seeing…    ④After…　 ⑤When…　⑥Not…until…　⑦…before…

【范文】 

One day, I rode home by bike, with my wallet put in the basket on the bicycle. After I parked it, I went home and began cooking supper. It wasn't long before there was a knock on the door. To my surprise, it was a policeman. On seeing me, he asked “Excuse me, Is Ms Yu living here?” When I said “Yes, I am” to him, he showed me a wallet, saying “Is this wallet yours?” After I had a look at the wallet, I told him that it was mine. I  didn't know that I had my wallet lost until the policeman sent it back to me. How moved I was! But the good policeman went off  before I could ask him for his name.

评析：此短文很好地掌握了“二扣，三避，四性”原则。文中运用了独立主格结构：with a wallet in the basket on the bike.有由after, when, before等引导的不同的时间状语从句；还有用动名词短语作时间状语：On seeing me, 现在分词作伴随状语：…saying “Is this your wallet?”也有固定句型：It wasn't long before…；not …until…。有简单句，并列句，主从复合句等多种句式。做到了高考书面表达所要求的多样性。另外，本文主要运用了以时间为线索的过渡词和句子。如：One day…After I parked it,…To my surprise,… On seeing me,…   When I said,… After I had a look at the wallet. …How moved I was! But 所有这些使句子前后紧凑，衔接自然。总而言之，该短文做到了紧扣主题，紧扣要点，避写感想，避写心得，避写体会，以及准确性，简洁性，多样性和连贯性“二扣，三避，四性”原则。当然会得高分。

六、凤头豹尾，美上加美

做到了“二扣，三避，四性”的短文固然能获得比平淡无奇的以单句为主的短文高得多的分数。但是，假如开头句子写得好，过渡自然，有个有力的结尾句，更会锦上添花，美上加美，更能让阅卷人刮目相看，获得高分。

【范文欣赏与评析】  

Dear Dick，

How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China. In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called in to reduce learning load. I don't know about others , but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as doing some drawing, visiting museums, and taking compute lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers and books . What's more, I can go to bed before 10 o'clock, much earlier then than ever before. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things .  

Best wishes！

                                                             Li Hua

评析：本短文使用了主题句： things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.结尾句：everyone is happy about this now arrangement of things。中间运用了连接词或过渡短语、句子有：You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, I don't know about others ,  but, even as well. Now I have more free time.  such as ,in the evenings, What's more, As far as I know .  

所有这些连接词，过渡句使句子前后紧凑，衔接自然，将短文的要点、主题以及结尾成为一个有机的整体。结尾句有力地概括了主题句所表达的中心思想，做到了从主题思想开始回到主题内容。

整篇短文的句式有单句、并列句、主从复合句，有动名词词短作状语，有形容词短语作状语。

七、范文背诵与默写

唐代大诗人杜甫说过：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”美国作家舒伯特又指出：“Reading is writing.”不同层次水平的学生要根据自己的情况，精选20篇各种文体类型的经典书面表达范文进行背诵，这样做不仅能熟练地掌握各种文体的格式，而且其中常有你认识的好词好句，可资使用。多读多背，你就会运用自如了。再说，背诵一定的语言材料是学习外语的基础，随着背诵量的增多，英语语感会不断增强，英语思维能力会逐渐定势，写作能力也会逐步形成并提高。

默写范文是背诵进一步深化的手段，只有达到口笔头都能准确，流畅地表达自己的思想，学英语才算真正有了成效。多年的实践经验表明，这是个收效甚大的办法。